Satellite TSI Sources SEPARATE CHARTS

One page, one chart per dataset, with direct links to each local source file

What is plotted

If you want all of these series on one interactive chart with toggles, range controls, and quick zoom presets, use the new Chart.js interactive TSI comparison page. The earlier Plotly version is still available for comparison.

Each panel below shows TSI from one local dataset so you can compare shape, level, and overlap without stacking everything on one axis. SORCE/TIM, TCTE/TIM, TSIS-1/TIM, and the LASP SIST composite are shown with daily points plus monthly and annual means; the long-run reconstruction panels remain annual-only. The pre-SORCE daily panel uses NOAA's daily climate data record, so it is useful for the 1978-2002 daily view but should not be read as a single raw mission stream.

Historical minima markers on this page: These periods are represented in the long-run reconstruction panels (Kopp and Lean) and not in the modern satellite-era mission records.

Kopp Historical Reconstruction

Local data file: kopp_tsi_reconstruction.txt
Marked historical periods in this reconstruction: Maunder Minimum (1645-1715), Dalton Minimum (1790-1830).
Kopp historical reconstruction TSI annual means

Lean (2015) Reconstruction

Local data file: lean2015_tsi.txt
Marked historical periods in this reconstruction: Maunder Minimum (1645-1715), Dalton Minimum (1790-1830).
This panel is included for attribution context: it shows that a measurable solar change still translates into a relatively small absorbed-energy change.
Date span in this file: 1610.5 to 2014.5 (annual values, effectively 1610-2014).
Data interpretation: before 1978 this is proxy-based reconstruction; from 1978 onward it is satellite-constrained by observed TSI composites.
Extent/update note: this Lean 2015 series ends at 2014.5 in this published file. Later years are typically handled with newer mission/composite datasets (for example TSIS/SORCE composites) or newer reconstruction families.
Lean 2015 annual TSI reconstruction with 11-year mean comparison windows and forcing conversion

Yellow shading marks the satellite-constrained era (1978 onward). Blue/green windows are 11-year means (1900-1910 and 2004-2014) to reduce solar-cycle phase bias. Dotted lines mark those means; the arrow shows ΔTSI ≈ +0.42 W/m².

Key conversion in plain terms: Earth does not absorb all incoming solar change. Using ΔF = ΔTSI × (1-α)/4 with α = 0.30 gives a factor of 0.175, so 0.42 × 0.175 = 0.073 ≈ +0.07 W/m² absorbed.

In NASA GISS modelforce (Fe_H11_1880-2011), 2011 solar forcing is +0.189 W/m², while well-mixed greenhouse gases are +3.026 W/m² (about 16 times larger), or +3.305 W/m² including ozone + stratospheric water vapour (about 17.5 times larger).

Lean (2015) with Post-2014 Extension (SIST-aligned)

Local annual output file: lean2015_extended_with_sist_annual.csv
Method: keep Lean values unchanged through 2014, then append LASP SIST annual variability from 2015 onward after applying an overlap offset computed over 1978-2014.
This gives a baseline-compatible continuation to modern years while preserving Lean's pre-2015 level convention.
Lean 2015 annual TSI extended beyond 2014 using offset-aligned LASP SIST annual composite

Solid red: Lean (2015) through 2014. Solid teal: post-2014 extension using SIST annual plus overlap offset. Dashed green: raw SIST annual reference. Dotted vertical marker shows 2015 splice point.

LASP SIST Composite

Local data file: tsi_composite_sist.txt
Local parsed export: sist_composite_daily.csv
Local manifest: sist_composite_manifest.txt
Native source cadence: daily composite values (Julian-day timestamps)
LASP SIST composite TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily composite values. Green line: monthly means. Dark green line/markers: annual means.

NOAA Daily TSI CDR Full Archive

Local source manifest: noaa_tsi_cdr_daily_manifest.txt
Local source manifest: noaa_tsi_cdr_daily_manifest.txt
This panel shows the full NOAA daily TSI climate data record currently exposed in the archive: 1874-2025.
Provenance note: this is a long daily climate data record built from NOAA/LASP NNL model output with satellite-constrained inputs, not a single raw mission series.
NOAA full daily TSI climate data record from 1874 to 2025 with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily values. Blue line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. This is the full archive view for context across the whole NOAA daily record.

Pre-SORCE Daily View (NOAA TSI CDR)

Local source manifest: noaa_tsi_cdr_daily_manifest.txt
Local source manifest: noaa_tsi_cdr_daily_manifest.txt
This panel covers the satellite era before SORCE/TIM using NOAA's daily TSI climate data record for 1978-2002.
Directory note: the NOAA daily archive currently exposes yearly files from 1874 to 2025, plus a preliminary 2026 file; this panel uses the pre-SORCE slice from that larger archive.
Provenance note: this is a daily climate data record built from NOAA/LASP NNL model output with satellite-constrained inputs, not a single raw mission series like the TIM records below.
NOAA daily TSI climate data record for 1978 to 2002 with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily values. Blue line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. Use this as the accessible pre-SORCE daily comparison panel, but keep its composite/modelled provenance distinct from direct mission products.

NIMBUS-7 ERB Ch10C Raw Inputs Only

Input guide: pre_sorce_individual_raw/README.md
Workflow guide: pre_sorce_individual_raw/README.md
Generator script: build_pre_sorce_individual_missions_chart.py
Dataset: Nimbus-7 Total Solar Irradiance Data in Native Format
Entry ID: NIMBUS7_ERB_Ch10C_TSI_NAT_1
Instrument/experiment: Nimbus-7 ERB Channel 10C
Variable: Total Solar Irradiance
Format: ASCII, native/NAT
Coverage: 1978-11-16 to 1993-12-13
ASDC collection page: NASA ASDC collection page
Direct data endpoint: ASDC direct data endpoint
OPeNDAP directory: OPeNDAP directory
File observed in OPeNDAP listing: nimbus7_tsi_19781116_19931213
Expected outputs: pre_sorce_individual_missions_manifest.txt, pre_sorce_individual_missions_daily.csv, pre_sorce_individual_missions_daily_monthly_annual.png
NIMBUS-7 ERB Ch10C raw TSI mission chart with daily, monthly, and annual views

Light points: daily values from the raw NIMBUS-7 ERB Ch10C TSI file. Blue line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. This panel is separate from NOAA CDR so the raw mission stream stays unblended.

Parsing note: NIMBUS-7 uses a two-digit year plus day-of-year format, which the local generator now normalizes automatically. Archive note: this is native-format Level 2 archive data, not necessarily raw telemetry.

NN-SIM Total Solar Irradiance (LISIRD)

Local netCDF file: nn_sim_tsi.nc
Local manifest: nn_sim_tsi_manifest.txt
Local daily export: nn_sim_tsi_daily.csv
API identifier: nn_sim_tsi
Representation: model-derived TSI (neural-network reconstruction), not a single-instrument raw mission stream.
NN-SIM total solar irradiance with daily monthly and annual views

Light points: daily TSI values from the netCDF file. Blue line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 1978-11-08 to 2019-03-31.

SORCE/TIM Total Solar Irradiance (LISIRD Daily Product)

Local source file: lisird_sorce_tsi_24hr_l3_v20.txt
Local manifest: lisird_sorce_tsi_manifest.txt
Local daily export: lisird_sorce_tsi_daily.csv
API identifier: sorce_tsi_24hr_l3 (Version 20, Processing Level 3)
Representation: direct mission TSI daily averages from SORCE TIM.
SORCE TIM total solar irradiance from LISIRD daily product with daily monthly and annual views

Light points: daily mission values. Orange line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 2003-02-25 to 2020-02-25.

CTIM Total Solar Irradiance (LISIRD Daily Product)

Local source file: lisird_ctim_tsi_24hr_l3_v1.txt
Local manifest: lisird_ctim_tsi_manifest.txt
Local daily export: lisird_ctim_tsi_daily.csv
API identifier: ctim_tsi_l3_P1D (Version 1, Processing Level 3)
Representation: direct mission TSI daily averages from CTIM.
CTIM total solar irradiance from LISIRD daily product with daily monthly and annual views

Light points: daily mission values. Green line: monthly means. Dark green line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 2022-08-05 to 2023-11-18.

ERBS/ERBE TSI Native Format (ASDC Level-2 Mission Data)

Local raw file: tsi_erbs_8410_0303
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/erbs_erbe/source.txt
Local manifest: erbe_tsi_erbs_nat_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: erbe_tsi_erbs_nat_orbital_observations.csv
Dataset title: Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) from the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite in Native Format
Entry ID: ERBE_TSI_ERBS_NAT_1
Instrument/experiment: ERBE solar monitor on ERBS
Classification: individual mission/instrument native-format Level-2 TSI data (not daily means)
ERBS ERBE native-format TSI with orbital observations monthly means and annual means

Light points: individual orbital/near-instantaneous mission observations. Pink line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 1984-10-25 to 2003-03-12.

ACRIM II/UARS TSI Native Format (ASDC Mission Data)

Local raw file: acrim2_tsi_uars_nat_1
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/acrim2_uars_nat/source.txt
Local manifest: acrim2_tsi_uars_nat_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: acrim2_tsi_uars_nat_daily.csv
Dataset title: Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) II Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) aboard UARS in Native format
Entry ID: ACRIMII_TSI_UARS_NAT_1
Instrument/experiment: ACRIM II on UARS
Classification: individual mission/instrument native-format TSI data
ACRIM II UARS native-format TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily mission observations. Blue line: monthly means. Dark blue line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 1991-10-04 to 2001-11-01.

ACRIM III Daily Mean TSI (ASDC HDF4 Mission Data)

Local raw sample: tsi_raw/acrim3_l2_daily_mean/source.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/acrim3_l2_daily_mean/source.txt
Local manifest: acrim3_l2_daily_mean_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: acrim3_l2_daily_mean_daily.csv
Dataset title: ACRIM III Level 2 Daily Mean Data V001
Entry ID: ACR3L2DM_1
Instrument/experiment: ACRIM III
Classification: individual mission/instrument daily mean TSI data in HDF4 granules
Method note: TSI is shown as the mean of FLUXA, FLUXB, and FLUXC from each daily record.
ACRIM III daily mean TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily mission observations parsed from HDF4 granules. Purple line: monthly means. Dark purple line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 2000-04-05 to 2002-02-20.

ACRIM III Shutter-Cycle TSI (ASDC ACR3L2SC)

Local raw sample: tsi_raw/acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle/source.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle/source.txt
Local manifest: acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle_daily.csv
Dataset title: ACRIM III Level 2 Shutter Cycle Data V001
Entry ID: ACR3L2SC_1
Instrument/experiment: ACRIM III
Classification: individual mission/instrument shutter-cycle data reduced to daily values
Method note: each day is computed as mean(cycle mean(FLUXA, FLUXB, FLUXC)) with non-physical values filtered.
ACRIM III shutter-cycle TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily reduced values from shutter-cycle files. Magenta line: monthly means. Dark magenta line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 2000-04-05 to 2013-11-10.

SOHO/VIRGO Daily TSI (IAS Archive File)

Local raw file: virgo_tsi_d_v1_2.dat
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/soho_virgo/source.txt
Local manifest: soho_virgo_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: soho_virgo_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset title: TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI) DATA FROM VIRGO/SOHO
File ID: virgo_tsi_d_v1_2.dat
Instrument/experiment: VIRGO (DIARAD and PMO6-V channels) on SOHO
Classification: individual mission/instrument daily TSI file
Method note: plotted series uses VIRGO column 2; DIARAD and PMO6-V are retained in the parsed CSV.
SOHO VIRGO daily TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily VIRGO values. Blue line: monthly means. Dark blue line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 1996-01-18 to 1998-12-07.

PICARD/PREMOS N2A TSI (Mission FITS Granules)

Local source metadata: tsi_raw/picard_premos/source.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/picard_premos/source.txt
Local builder script: build_picard_premos_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: picard_premos_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: picard_premos_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset family: PREMOS N2A on PICARD (records API discovered from idoc-picard SITools)
Classification: individual mission/instrument FITS granules reduced to daily values
Method note: Time is converted from a 2000-01-01 epoch; per sample, TSI prefers channel A when Q_A=0, then channel B when Q_B=0, with finite-value fallback.
PICARD PREMOS N2A TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily reduced mission values. Green line: monthly means. Dark green line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 2010-09-22 to 2014-03-04.

SOHO/VIRGO Full Mission (Version 8.0)

Local raw file: VIRGO_TSI_daily_V8.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/soho_virgo_v8/source.txt
Local builder script: build_soho_virgo_v8_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: soho_virgo_v8_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: soho_virgo_v8_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset: VIRGO Total Solar Irradiance daily, Version 8.0 — full SOHO mission span 1996–2021
Instrument: VIRGO (PMO6-V + DIARAD, A+B fused) on SOHO (ESA/NASA cooperative mission)
Upstream source: NASA SOHO archive — VIRGO_TSI_daily_V8.txt
Classification: direct mission daily TSI, full-span version replacing the IAS short-window v1.2 panel
Method note: plotted series uses column 8 (VIRGO A+B fused, new SI-traceable scale ~1361 W/m²); original WRR scale (col 5, ~1365 W/m²) is also exported in the CSV.
Attribution: Finsterle, W., Montillet, J.P., Schmutz, W. et al. The total solar irradiance during the recent solar minimum period measured by SOHO/VIRGO. Sci Rep 11, 7835 (2021). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87108-y. Data from VIRGO Team through PMOD/WRC, Davos, Switzerland.
SOHO VIRGO V8 full mission daily TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Cyan points: daily values (fused new SI-traceable scale). Blue line: monthly means. Dark teal line/markers: annual means. Date span: 1996-01-18 to 2021-09-26 (9169 daily rows).

ACRIM I / Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) TSI

Local raw file: SMM.PLT
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/acrim_smm/source.txt
Local builder script: build_acrim_smm_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: acrim_smm_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: acrim_smm_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset: NOAA NGDC SMM.PLT — Solar Maximum Mission ACRIM-I daily TSI archive
Instrument: ACRIM I (Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor) on SMM (NASA)
Upstream source: NOAA NCEI legacy TSI archive (file obtained via Wayback Machine HTTPS copy of NGDC FTP)
Classification: direct mission daily TSI, earliest high-quality space radiometer (1980–1989)
Scale note: values are on the old SMM/ACRIM-I absolute scale (~1367–1368 W/m²), approximately +6–7 W/m² above the modern SI-traceable TIM scale. This is a well-known systematic offset (Kopp & Lean 2011, GRL 38, L01706). No rescaling is applied here.
Attribution: NOAA NCEI / NGDC solar irradiance archive. ACRIM science team: Willson, R.C. (1979) Active Cavity Radiometer Type IV, Appl. Opt. 18, 179.
ACRIM I Solar Maximum Mission SMM daily TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Amber points: daily values (old SMM absolute scale ~1367–1368 W/m²). Orange line: monthly means. Dark amber line/markers: annual means. Date span: 1980-02-16 to 1989-06-01 (3053 daily rows). Note: the absolute level is ~6–7 W/m² above modern TIM values.

PICARD/SOVAP TSI Composite

Local raw file: composit.dat
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/picard_sovap/source.txt
Local builder script: build_picard_sovap_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: picard_sovap_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: picard_sovap_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset: PICARD/SOVAP composite (composit.dat) — CDS VizieR catalogue VI/152
Instrument: SOVAP (Solar VAriability and Planetary temperatures) on PICARD (CNES)
Upstream source: CDS VizieR VI/152 composit.dat (catalog page, ReadMe)
Classification: direct mission TSI composite; SOVAP instrument record independent of the PREMOS panel above
Method note: 6-hourly measurements (03:00, 09:00, 15:00, 21:00 UTC) averaged to daily means (974 daily rows from 3756 input rows)
Attribution: Meftah, M., Hauchecorne, A., Irbah, A., et al. SOVAP/Picard, a spaceborne radiometer to measure the total solar irradiance. Metrologia 53, 1 (2016). doi:10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/1. Data via CDS VizieR, Strasbourg.
PICARD SOVAP TSI composite with daily monthly and annual means

Rose/pink points: daily means (6-hourly averaged). Red line: monthly means. Dark red line/markers: annual means. Date span: 2010-07-22 to 2014-03-02 (974 daily values). TSI ~1361–1363 W/m².

SORCE/TIM

Local data file: sorce_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt
One combined chart with daily points and monthly/annual means overlaid; sentinel zero/non-physical rows are excluded before aggregation.
SORCE TIM daily, monthly mean, and annual mean TSI

Light points: daily values. Orange line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means.

TCTE/TIM

Local data file: tcte_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt
One combined chart with daily points and monthly/annual means overlaid; sentinel zero/non-physical rows are excluded before aggregation.
TCTE TIM daily, monthly mean, and annual mean TSI

Light points: daily values. Purple line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means.

TSIS-1/TIM

Local data file: tsis_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt
One combined chart with daily points and monthly/annual means overlaid; sentinel zero/non-physical rows are excluded before aggregation.
TSIS-1 TIM daily, monthly mean, and annual mean TSI

Light points: daily values. Red line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means.

SORCE/TIM Versioned Archive (GES DISC SOR3TSID v19)

Local raw file: sorce_tsi_L3_c24h_m29_v19_20030225_20200225.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/versioned_tim_archives/source.txt
Local manifest: versioned_sorce_tim_manifest.txt
Local daily export: versioned_sorce_tim_daily.csv
CMR short_name: SOR3TSID (collection C1975355711-GES_DISC, Version 19, Processing Level 3)
Representation: direct mission TSI daily averages from SORCE TIM, taken from the fixed, versioned GES DISC archive file rather than the rolling LISIRD "latest" feed.
Access note: download required Earthdata End User License Agreement (EULA) acceptance.
SORCE TIM versioned GES DISC archive TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily mission values. Orange line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 2003-02-25 to 2020-02-25.

Annual mean cross-check between versioned SORCE archive and existing LISIRD daily SORCE panel

Cross-check: annual means from the versioned SOR3TSID v19 archive (solid) against the existing LISIRD daily SORCE feed (dashed).

TCTE/TIM Versioned Archive (GES DISC TCTE3TSID v04)

Local raw file: tcte_tsi_L3_c24h_m67_v04_20131213_20190515.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/versioned_tim_archives/source.txt
Local manifest: versioned_tcte_tim_manifest.txt
Local daily export: versioned_tcte_tim_daily.csv
CMR short_name: TCTE3TSID (collection C1704861169-GES_DISC, Version 4, Processing Level 3)
Representation: direct mission TSI daily averages from TCTE TIM, from the fixed versioned GES DISC archive file.
Access note: download required Earthdata End User License Agreement (EULA) acceptance.
TCTE TIM versioned GES DISC archive TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily mission values. Purple line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 2013-12-16 to 2019-05-15.

Annual mean cross-check between versioned TCTE archive and existing LISIRD daily TCTE panel

Cross-check: annual means from the versioned TCTE3TSID v04 archive (solid) against the existing LISIRD daily TCTE feed (dashed).

TSIS-1/TIM Versioned Archive (GES DISC TSIS_TSI_L3_24HR v05)

Local raw file: tsis_tsi_L3_c24h_v05_20180110_20260521.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/versioned_tim_archives/source.txt
Local manifest: versioned_tsis_tim_manifest.txt
Local daily export: versioned_tsis_tim_daily.csv
CMR short_name: TSIS_TSI_L3_24HR (collection C3828668457-GES_DISC, Version 5, Processing Level 3)
Representation: direct mission TSI daily averages from TSIS-1 TIM, from the fixed versioned GES DISC archive file.
Access note: download required Earthdata End User License Agreement (EULA) acceptance.
TSIS-1 TIM versioned GES DISC archive TSI with daily monthly and annual means

Light points: daily mission values. Red line: monthly means. Dark line/markers: annual means. Date span shown: 2018-01-11 to 2026-05-21.

Annual mean cross-check between versioned TSIS-1 archive and existing LISIRD daily TSIS-1 panel

Cross-check: annual means from the versioned TSIS_TSI_L3_24HR v05 archive (solid) against the existing LISIRD daily TSIS-1 feed (dashed).

Combined Mission View (SORCE + TCTE + TSIS-1)

All three direct mission sources overlaid with their existing colour themes across daily points, monthly means, and annual means.
Combined SORCE TCTE TSIS-1 daily monthly annual TSI comparison

SORCE uses orange tones, TCTE uses purple tones, TSIS-1 uses red tones. Within each theme: light points = daily, medium line = monthly mean, dark line/markers = annual mean.

ACRIM Composite TSI — ACRIM Science Team / NOAA NGDC

Local raw file: ACRIM3composite_nnaa3.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/acrim_composite/source.txt
Local builder script: build_acrim_composite_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: acrim_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: acrim_composite_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset: ACRIM composite (ACRIM3composite_nnaa3.txt) — ACRIM Science Team, hosted by NOAA NCEI/NGDC
Instruments merged: ACRIM I (SMM, 1980–1989), ACRIM II (UARS, 1991–2001), ACRIM III (ACRIMSAT, 2000–2013)
Upstream source: NOAA NGDC ACRIM-3 directory
Scale note: Old ACRIM radiometric scale (~1366 W/m²), approximately 5 W/m² above the modern SI-traceable scale adopted after Kopp & Lean (2011).
Reference: Willson, R.C. (1997) Total solar irradiance trend during solar cycles 21 and 22. Science 277, 1963–1965. doi:10.1126/science.277.5334.1963. Attribution: ACRIM Science Team; data via NOAA NCEI/NGDC.
ACRIM composite TSI with daily monthly and annual means 1978-2013

Blue points: daily values. Blue line: monthly means. Dark blue line/markers: annual means. Date span: 1978–2013 (8,348 daily rows). Note: plotted on old ACRIM scale (~1366 W/m²), ~5 W/m² above modern SI-traceable values.

IRMB/C3S Composite TSI v3.1 — RMIB / Copernicus C3S

Local raw file: C3S_RMIB_daily_TSI_composite_ICDR_v3.1.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/irmb_composite/source.txt
Local builder script: build_irmb_composite_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: irmb_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: irmb_composite_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset: C3S/RMIB daily TSI composite ICDR v3.1 — Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB) / Copernicus C3S
Instruments merged: ERB, ACRIM1, ERBS, ACRIM2, DIARAD, PMO06, ACRIM3, SORCE/TIM, PREMOS, SOVAP, TCTE, TSIS-1
Coverage: CDR period 1979-01-01 to 2020-12-31; ICDR (interim) 2021-01-01 to 2023-09-30
Upstream source: gerb.oma.be RMIB TSI composite
Reference: Dewitte, S., Nevens, S. (2016) The Total Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record. Astrophysical Journal 830, 25. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/25. Attribution: Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB); Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).
IRMB C3S RMIB TSI composite v3.1 with daily monthly and annual means 1979-2023

Green points: daily values. Green line: monthly means. Dark green line/markers: annual means. Date span: 1979–2023 (16,341 daily rows). SI-traceable scale; multi-instrument composite combining 12 space instruments.

PMOD Composite TSI Data Fusion (July 2025 update)

Local raw file: MergedPMOD_NobaselineScaleCycle23_JPM_July2025_v1.txt
Local source metadata: pmod_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
Local builder script: build_pmod_composite_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: pmod_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: pmod_composite_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset: Composite PMOD Data Fusion (CPMDF) \u2014 PMOD/WRC
Provider: PMOD/WRC via GEO Knowledge Hub / AstroMaterials (IEDA)
Coverage: 1980-02-17 to 2025-05-18 (16,528 daily rows)
Plotted series: TSI after corr. \u2014 merged using statistical data fusion (post-2022 PMOD methodology).
Upstream source: GEO Knowledge Hub \u2014 PMOD Data Fusion
Reference: Montillet, J.-P., et al. (2022). AstroMaterials DOI: 10.26022/IEDA/112238.
Attribution: PMOD/WRC; J.-P. Montillet; M. Sch\u00f6ll.
PMOD Composite TSI Data Fusion July 2025 update with daily monthly and annual means 1980-2025

Red points: daily values (TSI after corr.). Red line: monthly means. Dark red line/markers: annual means. Date span: 1980\u20132025 (16,528 daily rows). SI-traceable scale. Modern PMOD data fusion product merging multiple satellite records.

ISSI/Dudok de Wit TSI Composite v1.1 (TSIc, PMOD-style corrected)

Local raw file: TSI_composite_DeWit.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/issi_dewit_composite/source.txt
Local builder script: build_issi_dewit_composite_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: issi_dewit_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: issi_dewit_composite_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset: TSI composite v1.1 \u2014 T. Dudok de Wit / ISSI TSI team
Instruments contributing: HF (Nimbus-7), ACRIM1 (SMM), ERBE, ACRIM2 (UARS), DIARAD/VIRGO, PMO6V/VIRGO (SOHO), ACRIM3 (ACRIMSAT), TIM (SORCE)
Coverage: 1978-11-17 to 2015-12-31 (13,559 daily rows)
Plotted series: TSIc \u2014 composite built from Fr\u00f6hlich-corrected instrument data (PMOD-style corrections). The file also contains TSIo (original, uncorrected) which is retained in the exported CSV.
Upstream source: issibern.ch \u2014 TSI_composite_DeWit.txt
Reference: Dudok de Wit, T., Kopp, G., Fr\u00f6hlich, C., Sch\u00f6ll, M. (2017) Methodology to create a new total solar irradiance record. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122, 5390\u20135407. doi:10.1002/2016JA023492. Attribution: T. Dudok de Wit; ISSI TSI team.
ISSI Dudok de Wit TSI composite v1.1 corrected series TSIc with daily monthly and annual means 1978-2015

Purple points: daily values (TSIc, corrected). Purple line: monthly means. Dark purple line/markers: annual means. Date span: 1978\u20132015 (13,559 daily rows). SI-traceable scale. This composite uses a blind source separation technique to estimate the solar signal from multiple instrument feeds.

SATIRE-S TSI Reconstruction (latest, version 20260521)

Local raw file: SATIRE-S_TSI_latest.txt
Local source metadata: tsi_raw/satire_s/source.txt
Local builder script: build_satire_s_tsi_chart.py
Local manifest: satire_s_tsi_manifest.txt
Local parsed export: satire_s_tsi_daily.csv
Dataset: SATIRE-S total solar irradiance reconstruction — Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Method: semi-empirical reconstruction of TSI from solar surface magnetism (sunspots and faculae), constrained by magnetograms and Ca II K observations.
Coverage: 1974-01-01 to 2026-05-21 (19,134 daily rows); TSI 1358.49–1364.49 W/m² on the SI-traceable scale.
Plotted series: reconstructed TSI — the per-day lower/upper uncertainty bounds and the source indicator are retained in the exported CSV.
Upstream source: www2.mps.mpg.de — SATIRE-S_TSI_latest.txt
Reference: Chatzistergos, T., Krivova, N.A., Solanki, S.K., Yeo, K.L. (2025) Revisiting the SATIRE-S irradiance reconstruction. Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554044.
Classification: reconstruction/model context product, distinct from direct mission streams and from the merged benchmark composites.
SATIRE-S TSI reconstruction with daily monthly and annual means 1974 to 2026

Amber points: daily reconstruction. Orange line: monthly means. Dark orange line/markers: annual means. Date span: 1974–2026 (19,134 daily rows). SI-traceable scale. SATIRE-S models irradiance variations from solar surface magnetism, using magnetograms (KPVT, SoHO/MDI, SDO/HMI) and Ca II K data as inputs.

Interpretation note: SORCE, TCTE, and TSIS-1 are direct instrument mission records. ACRIM II/UARS and ERBS/ERBE are also direct mission records from native-format archives. ACRIM III is a direct mission record from daily HDF4 granules, with one daily mean record per file in the archive. The ACRIM III shutter-cycle panel extends the mission record here to 2013 using resolved ACR3L2SC files. SOHO/VIRGO (v1.2) is plotted from the short IAS archive file (1996–1998). SOHO/VIRGO V8 is the full 1996–2021 mission record from the NASA SOHO archive (Finsterle et al. 2021), plotted on the new SI-traceable scale. ACRIM I / SMM is plotted from the NOAA NGDC SMM.PLT file (1980–1989); note the old SMM absolute scale is ~6–7 W/m² above modern TIM values. PICARD/PREMOS here is plotted from mission FITS granules discovered via the idoc-picard records API and reduced to daily values. PICARD/SOVAP is the Meftah et al. (2016) composite from CDS VizieR VI/152, independent of the PREMOS instrument panel. The ACRIM composite (Willson 1997) is an expert-merged product spanning ACRIM I\u2013III (1978\u20132013); note its old radiometric scale is ~5 W/m\u00b2 higher than modern SI-traceable values. The IRMB/C3S composite (Dewitte & Nevens 2016) is a Copernicus C3S climate data record merging 12 instruments on the SI-traceable scale (1979\u20132023). The PMOD composite (July 2025 update) is the modern PMOD/WRC Data Fusion product (CPMDF), merging multiple satellite records using advanced statistical methods. The ISSI/Dudok de Wit composite (v1.1, 1978\u20132015) is plotted using the TSIc (Fr\u00f6hlich-corrected) series, which applies the same instrument corrections used in the official PMOD composite. Both TSIc and the uncorrected TSIo series are retained in the exported CSV. The SATIRE-S reconstruction (Chatzistergos et al. 2025, 1974\u20132026) is a semi-empirical model that derives TSI from solar surface magnetism rather than from merged radiometer measurements, so it provides an independent modelled cross-check against the benchmark composites. Lean (2015), SIST, both NOAA daily CDR panels, and the Kopp historical series are composite/reconstruction products. The pre-SORCE individual mission panel is reserved for raw mission streams only (when available locally). SORCE, TCTE, and TSIS-1 panels overlay daily, monthly, and annual levels from their filtered daily sources; the NOAA panels also show daily, monthly, and annual values, but from a climate data record rather than a single instrument feed.

Source files used

Local files:
kopp_tsi_reconstruction.txt
lean2015_tsi.txt
lean2015_extended_with_sist_annual.csv
tsi_composite_sist.txt
noaa_tsi_cdr_daily_manifest.txt
noaa_tsi_cdr_daily/
pre_sorce_individual_raw/nimbus7_tsi_19781116_19931213
build_pre_sorce_individual_missions_chart.py
pre_sorce_individual_raw/
build_lisird_nn_sim_tsi_chart.py
nn_sim_tsi.nc
tsi_satellite_sources/nn_sim_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/nn_sim_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/nn_sim_tsi_manifest.txt
build_lisird_sorce_tsi_chart.py
lisird_sorce_tsi_24hr_l3_v20.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/lisird_sorce_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/lisird_sorce_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/lisird_sorce_tsi_manifest.txt
build_lisird_ctim_tsi_chart.py
lisird_ctim_tsi_24hr_l3_v1.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/lisird_ctim_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/lisird_ctim_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/lisird_ctim_tsi_manifest.txt
build_erbe_tsi_erbs_nat_chart.py
tsi_raw/erbs_erbe/raw/tsi_erbs_8410_0303
tsi_raw/erbs_erbe/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/erbe_tsi_erbs_nat_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/erbe_tsi_erbs_nat_orbital_observations.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/erbe_tsi_erbs_nat_manifest.txt
build_acrim2_tsi_uars_nat_chart.py
tsi_raw/acrim2_uars_nat/raw/acrim2_tsi_uars_nat_1
tsi_raw/acrim2_uars_nat/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim2_tsi_uars_nat_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim2_tsi_uars_nat_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim2_tsi_uars_nat_manifest.txt
build_acrim3_l2_daily_mean_chart.py
tsi_raw/acrim3_l2_daily_mean/raw/
tsi_raw/acrim3_l2_daily_mean/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim3_l2_daily_mean_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim3_l2_daily_mean_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim3_l2_daily_mean_manifest.txt
build_acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle_chart.py
tsi_raw/acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle/raw/
tsi_raw/acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim3_l2_shutter_cycle_manifest.txt
build_soho_virgo_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/soho_virgo/raw/virgo_tsi_d_v1_2.dat
tsi_raw/soho_virgo/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/soho_virgo_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/soho_virgo_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/soho_virgo_tsi_manifest.txt
build_picard_premos_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/picard_premos/raw/
tsi_raw/picard_premos/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/picard_premos_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/picard_premos_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/picard_premos_tsi_manifest.txt
build_soho_virgo_v8_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/soho_virgo_v8/raw/VIRGO_TSI_daily_V8.txt
tsi_raw/soho_virgo_v8/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/soho_virgo_v8_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/soho_virgo_v8_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/soho_virgo_v8_tsi_manifest.txt
build_acrim_smm_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/acrim_smm/raw/SMM.PLT
tsi_raw/acrim_smm/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim_smm_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim_smm_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim_smm_tsi_manifest.txt
build_picard_sovap_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/picard_sovap/raw/composit.dat
tsi_raw/picard_sovap/raw/ReadMe
tsi_raw/picard_sovap/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/picard_sovap_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/picard_sovap_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/picard_sovap_tsi_manifest.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/pre_sorce_individual_missions_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/pre_sorce_individual_missions_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/pre_sorce_individual_missions_manifest.txt
build_acrim_composite_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/acrim_composite/raw/ACRIM3composite_nnaa3.txt
tsi_raw/acrim_composite/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim_composite_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim_composite_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/acrim_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
build_irmb_composite_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/irmb_composite/raw/C3S_RMIB_daily_TSI_composite_ICDR_v3.1.txt
tsi_raw/irmb_composite/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/irmb_composite_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/irmb_composite_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/irmb_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
build_issi_dewit_composite_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/issi_dewit_composite/raw/TSI_composite_DeWit.txt
tsi_raw/issi_dewit_composite/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/issi_dewit_composite_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/issi_dewit_composite_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/issi_dewit_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
build_pmod_composite_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/pmod_composite/raw/MergedPMOD_NobaselineScaleCycle23_JPM_July2025_v1.txt
tsi_raw/pmod_composite/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/pmod_composite_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/pmod_composite_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/pmod_composite_tsi_manifest.txt
build_satire_s_tsi_chart.py
tsi_raw/satire_s/raw/SATIRE-S_TSI_latest.txt
tsi_raw/satire_s/source.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/satire_s_tsi_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/satire_s_tsi_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/satire_s_tsi_manifest.txt
sorce_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt
tcte_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt
tsis_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt
build_versioned_tim_tsi_charts.py
tsi_raw/versioned_tim_archives/source.txt
tsi_raw/versioned_tim_archives/SOR3TSID/sorce_tsi_L3_c24h_m29_v19_20030225_20200225.txt
tsi_raw/versioned_tim_archives/TCTE3TSID/tcte_tsi_L3_c24h_m67_v04_20131213_20190515.txt
tsi_raw/versioned_tim_archives/TSIS_TSI_L3_24HR/tsis_tsi_L3_c24h_v05_20180110_20260521.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_sorce_tim_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_sorce_tim_vs_latest.png
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_sorce_tim_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_sorce_tim_manifest.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_tcte_tim_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_tcte_tim_vs_latest.png
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_tcte_tim_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_tcte_tim_manifest.txt
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_tsis_tim_daily_monthly_annual.png
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_tsis_tim_vs_latest.png
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_tsis_tim_daily.csv
tsi_satellite_sources/versioned_tsis_tim_manifest.txt

Upstream sources:
Historical reconstruction: LASP Historical TSI Reconstruction
Lean (2015) annual reconstruction: NASA GISS Lean 2015 file
GISS forcing comparison table (used for context above): NASA GISS Fe_H11_1880-2011 (effective forcing)
SIST composite: LASP TSI Composite (SIST)
NOAA TSI climate data record: NOAA Total Solar Irradiance CDR
NOAA daily access directory: NCEI daily TSI files
NIMBUS-7 ERB Ch10C TSI native-format collection: NASA ASDC NIMBUS-7 TSI dataset page
NN-SIM Total Solar Irradiance dataset page: LISIRD NN-SIM TSI
NN-SIM direct netCDF source: LISIRD nn_sim.nc
LISIRD SORCE TSI dataset page: LISIRD SORCE TSI daily
LISIRD SORCE TSI direct source: LASP SORCE TSI L3 c24h latest
LISIRD CTIM TSI dataset page: LISIRD CTIM TSI daily
LISIRD CTIM TSI direct source: LASP CTIM TSI L3 c24h latest
ERBE ASDC collection page: NASA ASDC ERBE_TSI_ERBS_NAT_1
ERBE protected granule URL: ASDC protected ERBE granule
ACRIM II ASDC collection page: NASA ASDC ACRIMII_TSI_UARS_NAT_1
ACRIM II protected granule URL: ASDC protected ACRIM II granule
ACRIM III ASDC collection page: NASA ASDC ACR3L2DM_1
ACRIM III protected granule example: ASDC protected ACRIM III daily granule
ACRIM III shutter-cycle ASDC collection page: NASA ASDC ACR3L2SC_1
ACRIM III shutter-cycle protected granule example: ASDC protected ACR3L2SC resolved granule
SOHO/VIRGO archive root: IAS VIRGO archive
SOHO/VIRGO daily file (v1.2): IAS virgo_tsi_d_v1_2.dat
SOHO/VIRGO V8 full-mission daily (NASA SOHO archive): soho.nascom.nasa.gov — VIRGO_TSI_daily_V8.txt
SOHO/VIRGO V8 ESA COSMOS mirror: ESA COSMOS SOHO mission-long files
VIRGO V8 reference: Finsterle et al. 2021, Sci Rep 11, 7835
ACRIM I / SMM NCEI landing page: NOAA NCEI legacy TSI archive
ACRIM I / SMM source file (Wayback HTTPS copy): Wayback Machine — NGDC SMM.PLT
ACRIM composite (NGDC file): NOAA NGDC ACRIM3composite_nnaa3.txt
ACRIM composite reference: Willson 1997, Science 277, 1963
IRMB/C3S composite (RMIB file): gerb.oma.be — C3S_RMIB_daily_TSI_composite_ICDR_v3.1.txt
IRMB/C3S composite reference: Dewitte & Nevens 2016, ApJ 830, 25
ISSI/Dudok de Wit composite (ISSI TSI team file): issibern.ch — TSI_composite_DeWit.txt
ISSI/Dudok de Wit composite reference: Dudok de Wit et al. 2017, JGR Space Physics 122, 5390
ISSI TSI team page: issibern.ch \u2014 ISSI TSI team
PMOD composite (Data Fusion CPMDF, July 2025 update): GEO Knowledge Hub \u2014 PMOD Data Fusion
PMOD Data Fusion reference: Montillet et al. 2022 (AstroMaterials)
PMOD/WRC TSI composite page: pmodwrc.ch \u2014 TSI composite
SATIRE-S reconstruction (MPS file): www2.mps.mpg.de \u2014 SATIRE-S_TSI_latest.txt
SATIRE-S reference: Chatzistergos et al. 2025, A&A (DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202554044)
MPS sun-climate SATIRE data page: www2.mps.mpg.de \u2014 sun-climate data
PICARD/SOVAP CDS VizieR catalog: CDS VizieR VI/152 (Meftah et al. 2016)
PICARD/SOVAP composit.dat: CDS VizieR VI/152 — composit.dat
PICARD/SOVAP reference: Meftah et al. 2016, Metrologia 53, 1
PICARD project metadata: idoc-picard project portal
PICARD dataset listing: idoc-picard datasets API
PREMOS N2A records endpoint: idoc-picard premosn2a records API
SORCE/TIM daily: LASP SORCE TSI L3 (24h)
TCTE/TIM daily: LASP TCTE TSI L3 (24h)
TSIS-1/TIM daily: LASP TSIS-1 TSI L3 (24h)
SORCE/TIM versioned archive (SOR3TSID v19): NASA GES DISC SOR3TSID.019
TCTE/TIM versioned archive (TCTE3TSID v04): NASA GES DISC TCTE3TSID.004
TSIS-1/TIM versioned archive (TSIS_TSI_L3_24HR v05): NASA GES DISC TSIS_TSI_L3_24HR.05

LISIRD TSI-only map (for future downloads):
Catalog root: LISIRD Data Catalog
TSI entries identified in catalog views include:
NNLTSI1 Daily / Monthly / Yearly / Preliminary series
EMPIRE Total Solar Irradiance
Historical Total Solar Irradiance Reconstruction
NN-SIM Total Solar Irradiance
SORCE Total Solar Irradiance (Daily / Six Hour)
TCTE Total Solar Irradiance (Daily / Six Hour)
TSIS-1 Total Solar Irradiance (Daily / Six Hour)
CTIM Total Solar Irradiance (Daily / Six Hour)
Yeo Non-Empirical TSI Reconstruction

SSI exclusion note:
Products labeled SSI, SOLSTICE, or SIM (for example UARS/SOLSTICE SSI or TSIS-1 SSI) are spectral irradiance datasets and are not direct TSI records.

All Direct Mission Streams Combined (Unadjusted)

Local builder script: build_all_missions_combined_tsi_chart.py
All twelve direct satellite mission streams overlaid on a single panel using each instrument's established colour theme. Data are plotted unadjusted on their native radiometric scales — no inter-mission normalisation is applied.

Missions included (chronological order of first observation):
  • Nimbus-7 ERB Ch10C (1978–1993) — blue tones
  • ACRIM I / SMM (1980–1989) — amber/yellow tones; old SMM scale (~+7 W m−2 above TIM)
  • ERBS / ERBE (1984–2003) — pink tones; sparse orbital cadence averaged to daily
  • ACRIM II / UARS (1991–2001) — slate-blue tones; ACRIM scale (~+4–5 W m−2 above TIM)
  • SOHO / VIRGO V8 (1996–2021) — cyan tones; new SI-traceable fused scale
  • ACRIM III / L2-DM (2000–2002) — violet tones; ACRIM scale
  • SORCE / TIM (2003–2020) — orange tones; SI-traceable TIM scale
  • PICARD / PREMOS (2010–2014) — green tones
  • PICARD / SOVAP (2010–2014) — rose/crimson tones; 6-hourly cadence averaged to daily
  • TCTE / TIM (2013–2019) — purple tones
  • TSIS-1 / TIM (2018–present) — red tones
  • CTIM (2022–2023) — bright-green tones
Within each colour theme: light dots = daily values • solid line = monthly means • dark circles = annual means.
All direct mission TSI streams combined, unadjusted native scales, 1978–2026

All direct mission streams overlaid on their native radiometric scales. The vertical spread between instrument families reflects real inter-instrument scale offsets rather than solar variability — pre-SORCE instruments (Nimbus-7, ACRIM I, ERBS, ACRIM II, ACRIM III) sit +3 to +12 W m−2 above the modern SI-traceable TIM scale adopted after Kopp & Lean (2011, GRL 38 L01706). The benchmark composites (PMOD, IRMB, ACRIM) on other panels apply inter-calibration corrections to reconcile these offsets.

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